Havana Gets a Taste of the Free Market
By Jens Glüsing in Havana
Inhabitants of the communist bastion of Cuba have been getting a taste
of the free market lately with the introduction of market reforms by
President Raúl Castro. The Catholic Church is supporting his endeavor,
and Pope Benedict's visit could boost efforts to open up the country.
The vehicle Juan Perez calls his Audi is a blue two-seater with seats
made of imitation leather. The passenger has to do without an airbag and
a seatbelt. Indeed, about the only thing it really shares in common with
the German car brand are the four rings on the handlebar meant to look
like the Audi logo.
"Do you like my Audi?" Perez asks, throwing his weight into the pedals
of his bicycle-powered rickshaw. He dreams of owning an A4 with
air-conditioning and alloy rims.
Perez has been working for himself for the last year, now that the Cuban
government has granted him a license as a small business owner. He earns
the equivalent of €300 ($400) a month. The only problem, he says, is
that he has to pay taxes now. His stand is at the beginning of Havana's
Calle Neptuno, where rickshaws, mopeds, pre-revolutionary vintage taxis
and government-owned Ladas battle for every bit of asphalt amid a
cacophony of horns. The smell of gasoline hangs in the air.
The "Neptuno" begins at Prado Boulevard, in the heart of the city, and
leads to the university in Vedado, a formerly middle-class neighborhood.
Its streets are lined with small shops, handicraft businesses,
restaurants and self-serve dining establishments.
An Economic Experiment
But the Neptuno is no ordinary street. It is a laboratory for the
experiments that President Raul Castro has prescribed for Cuba's 11
million inhabitants. What happens in this area will demonstrate whether
his ambitious project is a success. Castro wants to combine the
state-run economy with market-based reforms in the hope of transforming
Cuba into a sort of Caribbean Vietnam.
However, Castro is still ruling out political liberalization. Allowing
opposition groups would amount to "the legalization of the parties of
imperialism," he warned at a Communist Party congress in late January.
So far, Cubans' hopes that they might be allowed to travel abroad have
been in vain since the regime has refused to amend its migration laws.
Revolutionary veterans are still in charge in a country where the
average age in the National Assembly is well over 70. And regime critics
continue to be repressed.
In the economic sphere, however, things that were once unthinkable are
suddenly possible. To reduce expenses, the government recently laid off
500,000 employees. They are now permitted to open shops and handicraft
businesses, sell real estate, cars and home-grown vegetables, or -- as
in the case of Perez -- drive their own rickshaws. Within a year, the
number of very small businesses has doubled to almost 350,000.
Nevertheless, these ventures are still a far cry from being genuine
small businesses or even privately owned companies.
Church Support for Reform
Still, when Pope Benedict XVI arrives on the island for a three-day
visit next week, he will experience a "different Cuba," writes the
Miami-based El Nuevo Herald, the Spanish-language sister newspaper of
the Miami Herald and one that harbors no sympathy for the island nation.
According to the paper, Raul Castro has "approved the biggest expansion
of private economic activity that has ever taken place under the
communist regime."
In addition to serving the pastoral needs of the roughly 5 million Cuban
Catholics, the pontiff's visit has a political dimension. Since the
first papal visit 14 years ago, relations between Cuba's Catholic Church
and the government have significantly improved. Indeed, then-Pope John
Paul II and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro got along with each other
well from the very start.
After falling ill in 2006, Fidel withdrew from all political offices.
His brother Raul, who now runs the government, did not sever ties with
the Vatican. The Church has brokered the release of political prisoners,
and both sides -- dissidents and the government alike -- value it as a
key player in negotiations.
The clergy also supports Raul Castro's reforms. "The process is
irreversible," said Cardinal Jaime Ortega, the archbishop of the
Archdiocese of Havana, who has also called upon the government to speed
up the liberalization process.
Cuba remains strongly affected by its own mismanagement and the economic
embargo by the United States. Nevertheless, the country hasn't been
dependent on its big neighbor to the north for a long time. It receives
oil at discount prices from Venezuela, and Brazil is spending €480
million to expand the port of Mariel, just west of Havana, where Cuba is
expected to develop a special economic zone based on a Chinese model.
With foreign assistance, the socialist government could also soon secure
a new source of revenue as Cuba searches for oil off its coastline.
American experts are so concerned about safety that a US team thoroughly
inspected the Chinese drilling platform Cuba is using. Under the terms
of the embargo, Americans are not permitted to supply the Cubans with
their own equipment.
Where Cash Is King
Until now, the beneficiaries of the boom in Cuba have mainly been
Europeans, Latin Americans, Canadians and the Chinese. "The Cubans pay
on time, in cash and in foreign currency," says a German businessman who
has lived in Havana for years.
Indeed, ganancia, the Spanish word for profit, is no longer a dirty word
in Havana, where a gold-rush mentality has taken hold. New privately
owned restaurants are constantly opening, and their owners buy meat and
vegetables at early-morning farmers' markets.
The passengers of Perez, the rickshaw driver, include housewives,
businesspeople, tourists and government workers alike. For €5, he'll
take a passenger along the entire, 24-block length of the Neptuno. And
he doesn't accept Pesos Cubanos, the official currency.
"Anyone who wants to do business in Cuba has to earn CUC," Perez
explains, referring to the island's convertible currency. The hard
currency used to be reserved for tourists, and its general availability
represents the first step toward a free market economy. Those who have
CUC in their pockets can buy anything: shampoo from Brazil, steaks from
Argentina or Coca-Cola from Mexico.
Many Cubans also own foreign currency. Relatives send them dollars from
Miami or euros from Spain, which they convert to CUC at currency
exchanges. Corruption, which President Castro has declared the
government's biggest enemy, also remains a source of supplementary
income. Indeed, many goods sold along the Neptuno come from the black
market.
Likewise, there are no supply crises for people with CUC in their
pockets. Indeed, the families and clubs that hold barbecue parties in
Lenin Park, on the outskirts of Havana, seem to have no trouble buying
the pork chops and chickens sizzling on the grill or the Bucanero beer
they drink to wash it all down.
The Foreign Currency Divide
But there is a downside to the boom that directly relates to a taboo of
the revolution: the growing divide between those who have foreign
currency and those who earn pesos, instead. Small entrepreneurs like
rickshaw driver Perez, for example, earn several times the salary of a
typical government employee, who is paid in pesos.
Foreign companies that are forced to cooperate with government-owned
firms in Cuba are losing their skilled workers because they are required
to pay their employees' salaries to the government in hard currency. The
government then pays the employees in pesos. In fact, many engineers
have left their jobs because they can earn more selling pirated DVDs or
as auto mechanics.
The shops along the Neptuno that accept foreign currency are thriving.
Private restaurants and hotels buy their filets and pork chops at the
Oro Rojo ("Red Gold") butcher shop. An Adidas store has opened up a few
doors down. Like elsewhere, brand-name sneakers are a status symbol in Cuba.
Former government workers now sell mobile-phone chargers, bras and
building materials at tiny kiosks. Private jewelers and watchmakers have
set up shop in the Berens fashion center, where the upper class shopped
for clothes before the revolution.
The street continues uphill, with the university on the left and the
Hotel Habana Libra, the former Hilton, on the right. Police officers
patrol the sidewalk, where young men and women are on their way to the
"Neptuno" bodybuilding gym. Owner Manual Galzabuni -- who has piercings
in his nose, ears and lips -- built the fitness equipment out of scrap
metal, bicycle chains and pipes. Some 200 people visit his gym every day.
A few steps farther, Cuban women are teaching Salsa to Frenchmen at a
dance school next to Jorge Chavez's new herb shop. Chavez used to work
as a painter in a government-owned business, but now he grows medicinal
plants to treat bronchitis, impotence and prostate ailments in a garden
on the city's outskirts. His profits, he says, are a "business secret,
but the business is worthwhile." His monthly tax bill amounts to 120
pesos or 5 CUC (€4).
A Property Market Heats Up
A few hundred people, some holding up cardboard signs, have gathered
under rubber trees on Prado Boulevard, where the Neptuno begins. They
are advertising their houses or apartments, now that the sale of real
estate has been allowed since November.
The private ownership of property was never forbidden in Cuba but, until
now, owners were only permitted to exchange their properties rather than
sell them. However, there are still many unresolved property disputes,
especially concerning the properties of families that have left the country.
One of the brokers opens his laptop to show us photos of various houses,
and flyers advertising available real estate are attached to the trees.
A 414-square-meter (4,450-square-foot) house on the outskirts, complete
with a hectare (2.5 acres) of land, is advertised for 65,000 CUC, or
about €50,000.
Foreign potential buyers are especially sought-after. "I have a beach
house with four rooms," a young man has written on a board. But
foreigners without a permanent residence on the island are not permitted
to buy real estate. Not a problem, says the broker: "There are methods
and solutions. Snap it up. It's a real opportunity. You won't be able to
pay for this house in a few years because the Americans will be buying
it out from under you."
But Cuba isn't quite that far yet.
Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,822759,00.html#ref=rss
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